Thaipusam Banner

Thaipusam is a Hindu festival that commemorates both the birthday of Murugan (also Subramaniam), the youngest son of god Shiva and his wife Parvati, and also the occasion when Parvati gave Murugan a vel (spear) so he could vanquish the evil demon Soorapadman. One of the largest celebrations of Thaipusam occurs in Singapore so I took this opportunity to capture some of the incredible devotion witnessed during this festival.

The most potent propitiatory rite that a devotee of Shanmukha (one of the many names of Murugan) undertakes to perform is the Kavadi (a burden). The Kavadi-bearer observes strict celibacy and only pure, Sattwic food is eaten. He abstains from all intoxicating drinks and drugs and thinks only of God.

The simplest form of Kavadi is the Paal Kudum, which may entail just carrying a pot of milk, usually upon one’s head. However, the benefits that the devotee gains from offering a Kavadi to the Lord are a million-fold greater than the pain that he inflicts upon himself. Thus mortification of the flesh by piercing the skin, tongue or cheeks with Vel skewers is also common. The simplest Kavadi is a semi circular decorated canopy supported by a wooden rod that is carried on the shoulders. They are decoratedwith peacock feathers, as the peacock was a mode of transport for Lords Murugan/Skandan/Kumaran). In addition, many have a small spear through their tongue, or a spear through the cheeks. The piercing through the tongue or cheeks keeps one focused constantly of Lord Murugan/Velan. It also prevents the devotee from speaking and greatly enhances endurance.

Other types of Kavadi involve hooks stuck into the back and either pulled by another walking behind or being hung from a highly decorated cart, with the incisions of the hooks varying the level of pain. The belief is that the greater the pain, the more god-earned merit.

In most cases, the Kavadi has many brass bells adorning it which announces the Kavadi-bearer as he walks along. Since the Kavadi-bearer very often observes total silence, the bells are the only signs of a Kavadi procession. Devotees and Kavadi bearers walk barefoot, on hot pavement along the journey – which can take several hours! One of the largest celebrations of Thaipusam occurs in Singapore. This years’s festival was held at the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple. Devotees had to walk from this temple to the Sri Thendayuthapani Temple, a distance of 4 kilometers with the hot equatorial sun bearing down on them. Along the journey, family and friends offer drinks to keep the bearer hydrated and sing devotional songs and praises of Lord Murugan/Saravabavan.

By the time they reach the Sri Thendayuthapani Temple many are in a high state of religious fervor. They dance in ecstasy at the temple door, jubilant that they have accomplished the prayers without any hindrance, while a large crowd gathers and chants Murugan name. Music blares loudly through outside speakers and the whole event is awe-inspiring; there is divine radiance on their faces. It is claimed that devotees often experience the state of feeling united with the Lord.

——————————–

Here’s a photo of the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple.  This is here the festival started.  The temple, located in Little India (a suburb of Singapore) is the cultural center for many ethnic Indians.  There are several Hindu temples, as well as ethnic Indian shopping stores and food markets.

Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple

Close up of the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple

Inside the temple, amongst exotic incense and hindu music, the devout where praying and offering food to their Gods and preparing to take their Kavadi.  Throughout the temple offerings were also made to other Hindu Gods.

Offering within the temple

The Sacred Cow

Goddess

The following Kavadi carts are pulled by the Hindu devotees as a burden. They must pull these carts four kilometers from the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple to the Sri Thendayuthapani Temple.  The carts are made of heavy wood or metal with lots of decorations and statues.  Pulling these in the high temperatures and humidity of Singapore must be brutal.

Kavadi carts

The following photo shows a devotee adorned with small milk pots on his chest and upper arms.  Each brass pot is filled with milk and then hung on the man using metal hooks pierced into his skin.

Man with milk pots

This man is looking away (above) probably as a distraction to what is going on behind him, where three men are attaching ropes to a Kavado cart for him to pull.  The ropes are attached attached to the devotee with large hooks deep into his back!

Men tie ropes to a kavadi cart

To stand there and watch this man get pierced like this… was the most intense thing I have seen in years – probably ever. This was not a magic trick like you see on the streets of Vegas! With a loud chant, and quick stabbing, members of his own family stuck the hooks into the lower back. Then they added some smaller hooks at the top, and weighted them down with coconuts just to increase the pain.

close-up of hooks into the back

The ropes are almost ready.  Once the slack is taken up he will be off on his 4 km journey. The outside air-temperature is 88F with about 80% humidity. The pavement is scorching hot, so of course he’s barefoot.

Devotee about to pull his cart

This man was all pierced, and was about to have his ropes attached to his back.  All the jewelry on his face is attached with hooks, and there is a large hook pierced through his cheek and tongue.  Of course he had to have some milk-pots adorning his chest, attached with fish hooks which jingled when he walked.

Another man showing his burden

Here is the same man pulling his cart, some three km already. Note the shadow of the ropes. The little lollypop looking things on his arms are small face sculptures. I saw another man getting those pierced earlier.. it took about 15 seconds to do each arm.

Second man pulling his cart

Here’s another form of Kavadi. Many men had these elaborate aluminum frames that they had fastened to their waist. Then spears are slid down and pierced into the chest and back. Some then had their tongues and cheeks pierced in such a way that talking would not be possible.

Man getting pierced with long skewers

Here’s a nice action shot… Too bad you can’t hear the chanting, music and smell the incense!

close-up of man being skewered

Here’s another look at him, almost ready to head out.   The whole frame set with skewers weights about 15 kg (33 lbs) and will be carried the whole 4 km to the temple.  But wait.. what’s that guy doing to his thigh?

Man with his own kavadi of skewers

Oh yah.. he needs his milk pots too.    So we’ll just hook them to a tender spot!

Milk pots hooked to the upper thighs

Here’s a photo of another devotee, all set to start his journey.

Man with spears ready to begin his journey

The following devotee was a man I came across some 3 km away from the starting temple.  He has only 1 more km to go, but he’s hurting! It’s not such much the spear through his cheeks… but see those tiny brass milk pots hooked to his back?

Agony with just one kilometer to go

Oh yah.., that’s got to smart!

milk pots en-mass on this devotees back

And if that’s not bad enough…

Bed of nail shoes

Ok, so he’s now within earshot of the Sri Thendayuthapani Temple, and the Hindu music is giving him a boost of much needed energy. In about 20 minutes he reaches the temple and his suffering will end. Hopefully he has endured enough of a burden to protect his family for the next year when he and thousands of others will do this again.

This year they claim just over 10,000 Hindus took part. Most did not endure this type of agony, but hundreds did. If you are ever in Singapore in April, 2011 be sure to stop by the Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple and witness this incredible show of religious faith.

I’ll be there!

Almost there!

]]> http://thedipnotes.com/2010/01/03/thaipusam/feed/ 1 http://thedipnotes.com/2010/01/02/cavenagh-bridge/ http://thedipnotes.com/2010/01/02/cavenagh-bridge/#comments Sat, 02 Jan 2010 02:33:37 +0000 Peter Kennett http://thedipnotes.com/?p=574 I took a stroll down along the Sinapore river at night and came across the Cavenagh Bridge, all lit up.  This bridge and one of the oldest bridges in Singapore and is the only suspension bridge here.   It spans the lower reaches of the Singapore River in the downtown/marina area.  The bridge opened in 1870 to commemorate Singapore’s new Crown colony of the Straits Settlements status in 1867, and it is now the oldest bridge in Singapore that exists in its original form.   By 1910 the bridge was found to be unable to cope with increasing traffic, and it was restricted to just pedestrians, as it is today.  By the 1990’s colored lights were added, and now the bridge is a main tourist focal point within the riverside area.  This photo was captured with 7 second exposure to capture the colorful night lights.

(for a larger version click here)

He examined me thoroughly and diagnosed a herniated lumbar disk. At the time I could still move well enough to walk, and so the decision was made to place me on muscle relaxers, an anti-inflammatory drug, and a medication that helps with nerve irritation. I was also scheduled for physical therapy to start the following week. I did some research online and discovered this was the normal routine. On the 30th (Friday), I was at work, and not feeling any better. I had to stay seated to hand out candy to our staff’s children who came door to door within the Embassy for a mini Trick or Treat event. I felt like crap! When I went home that night I was in much more pain, so I took my meds and crawled off into bed.

Friday night was not fun. I couldn’t find a comfortable way to stop the pain, and by Saturday morning I was in severe pain and virtually unable to move without shooting pain down my right leg. I called Dr Tang and he wanted me to get to his clinic immediately. I called a taxi and when we got there the taxi driver went to get a wheel chair and help. A hospital orderly wheeled me up to Dr. Tan’s office were he quickly examined me. A shot of demerol for pain and I was rushed up to the ward to await an MRI.

Herniated Disk

About an hour later I was wheeled to radiology and an MRi was done. By then the demerol had reduced much of pain, but my right leg knee was numb. When I got back to the ward an IV was started and Dr. Tan came up with the news. My ruptured disk was now much worse, and a lot of disk material has squeezed up between two vertebrae and was pressing on the nerve that controls my right leg. He said I needed surgery, and with my permission he would schedule it for the next day. We talked for a bit and he described what he would do. He needed to cut a small window through the bone in my spine, and use micro instruments to remove the disk material that was causing the pain.

That evening I was started on an IV drip of morphine and I sleep quite well! The next day I the usual lab work and chest x-rays as I was going to go under general anesthesia. I have asthma, so the anesthesiologist ordered me a nebulizer treatment to reduce the risk of me having an bronchial-spasm (asthma attack) during the surgery. I was wheeled down to the operating room and when I saw my surgeon I begged him to please not screw up the nerves to my right leg as I wanted to ski again! With that, I saw the anesthesiologist push some drugs into my IV.

Suddenly I couldn’t breathe. I felt like my lungs had no air, and I I was very disoriented. I heard my anesthetist tell me to breath slowly and that I was going to be OK. I tried to sit up but but he held me down and told be that everything was ok, and that my oxygen saturation was 100%. I didn’t understand why I was having this reaction or feeling and then slowly I realized that the operation was over and I was feeling the effects of waking up, and having the endotracheal tube removed. That was a terrifying feeling, but I do remember that as soon as I heard that my O2 sats were normal I calmed down and even though I had a hard time breathing I trusted completely in the crew that were taking care of me. I worked for over 20 years in the medical field (sort of a cross between a nurse practitioner and a paramedic) when I was in the Air Force and learned to trust my colleagues completely. This helped me remain calm while they continued to work on my recovery. I was also amazed that I had no memory of going to sleep, and was surprised to learn the surgery lated 3 hours.

Dr Tan told me that the rupture was worse than he had thought, and the disk material had worked its way around the nerve root and quite a ways away from the original damage site. My back was stitched up and I was left with a 2″ scar. Within a few hours I was more awake and had absolutely no pain or notable soreness. I could move me legs easily, and wanted to get up, but was asked to remain in bed all day and night.

The nurses were first rate, and checked on me all night. All I wanted to do was go home, but Dr. tan insisted I stay in the hospital for two days so he could watch for bleeding and any other complications. I refused all my pain meds, as I didn’t need any. I felt zero pain, over the next two days became quite restless and wanted to go home so bad. I am not a good patient, probably the result of being on the other side of the bed for so many years.

When I checked out I got the bill. In Singapore, everyone has health insurance – and foreigners are also expected to pay. I signed the bill which came to about $15,000 in U.S. dollars. That covered the inpatient care on the ward for 2 days, ICU care for 1 day, the operating room suit, the surgeon, the anesthesiologist, the lab work, and the MRI. I have the Foreign Service benefits Plan health insurance, which is a U.S. Government sponsored health care system much like what our members of congress get but with additional features for Foreign Service members serving overseas.  The Embassy picks up any costs that the insurance doesn’t which in this case was my deductible and co-pay. I paid absolutely nothing out of pocket, plus the Embassy agreed to pay for any care that I receive relating to this incident for the next 12 months. This is one of the benefits we get when we are admitted to a hospital overseas.

I took the rest of the week off, and had time to think about this whole situation.  The medical care in Singapore is so good that the U.S. State Department sends its members here for care from posts all around the Pacific.  I had called a leading orthopedic surgeon, a specialist in spinal care, without a referral and got in to see him that same day.  When I needed an operation, I was admitted to a first rate hospital within hours of calling and had high-tech micro surgery done within 24 hours.  Singapore healthcare is first rate – and is definitely Government sponsored.   Yet I never saw or heard from a single bureaucrat during this whole incident.  All my care was worked out between my doctor and I.   There was no government and no insurance company people involved at any time.

I also felt pretty good that I worked for an organization that helped me when I was down, and gave me the time to recover. And not having to pay a medical bill is the best part of all! I hope someday all Americans can enjoy the same access to quality health care every other industrial democracy in the world has – with the sole exception of the United States. I think its hypercritical for our members of Government to deny our citizens the same access to healthcare they enjoy themselves.

While I was visiting the Garden, the weather suddenly turned and dumped a few inches of rain within a very short time , and then it cleared up just as fast.  It’s no wonder Singapore has an average precipitation of 7.5 feet of rain per year!

View Photo Album

The weather was quite warm, probably low ’80s at midnight, with the humidity around 80%.  I spent about a 1/2 hour chatting with my sponsor, and he showed me around the apartment.  I have a lot to read, with a large packet of material on both the condo, appliances, Embassy guidelines for Singapore, and lots of brochures from the Singapore tourism office.   My sponsor is picking me up at 10 AM to take me to the Embassy so I can start in-processing, so I crawled off into bed and left everything in the suitcases.  The next morning I awoke to the sounds of unique bird calls, as my apartment is right next to the Singapore National Botanical Gardens.  I had a look around the condo grounds, and then got ready for my first day at the office.

U.S. Embassy, Singapore

The Embassy looks brand new, but that’s just because it was very well built, and well taken care of.  I have never been in a building with so much marble, except in DC.  It’s quite a beautiful place to work.

My office is (as it was in Pakistan) the Regional Security Office (RSO) and seems like a nice work environment.  We have a computer dedicated to playing music and a good sound system – something that is quite rare in the more secure areas of an Embassy – and I think the only such system in the whole building.  My boss told me to bring in as much music as I wanted and we’ll blast the place with tunes!  I like this place already!

I had shipped a bunch of boxes ahead of me, and they are all stacked up in a corner here.  Some have office junk from Pakistan, and then there’s a few boxes of dry goods from the USA that I shipped while in New England.  I also packed 2 large boxes of clothes so my suitcases would be lighter – but clothes that I wanted to be here before my normal airfreight from Pakistan arrives.  In theory, airfreight should get to our next destination long before e do, but the reality is that they often hold on to it until we actually show up at post, and then arrange to send it out.  It can take a few weeks to arrive, so I mail a bunch of items too, which always seems to work well.

Korean Chicken Noodle Soup

At lunch, I was taken to the nearest mall (3 minute walk) and introduced to the #1 method that Singaporeans eat out – the Hawker center.  These are an assortment of food stands inside “food courts” where a single family cooks specialty dishes, all from scratch.  Unlike the USA where mall food is pretty much the same from mall to mall all across the country, in Singapore there are thousands of hawker stands and each one if different.  The individual shop owners cook family recipes handed down from generation to generation, all cooked to order.  Prices are quite inexpensive  and my first taste of Singapore was Korean chicken noodle soup, which also had crab, beef, tofu, and an egg in it.  The cost, with rice and some kimchi was $4.50.  I’ll try more adventurous dishes later.

To drink, I enjoyed a fresh juice made from fresh mango’s, bananas, and pineapple.  The Singaporeans love fresh fruit, and fruit stands seem to be everywhere.  While they certainly serve cut up fruit (with many varieties I have never seen), they also all will be happy to turn them into juices or even smoothies.  I think for every person I saw drinking a soft drink, there was probably 30 to 40 who where drinking fresh juices.

I stayed at work all day, and only left when my boss left.  First impressions are important, and jet-lag was not too bad – I think a new office, new co-workers, and a new building were exciting enough to keep me awake.  Tomorrow may a bit tougher!

I decided to walk home, as it was a straight shot from home to the Embassy, and didn’t seem too far, plus, I had not yet bought a bus pass, nor do I have any idea yet how to use them.  In the Foreign Service, when we first arrive at a new post and have no clue where we are, what to eat, how to get around, etc… these first days are the most exciting for me!  Within a few days I will settle in to the rhythm here, and quickly get used to my surroundings.  The mystery will be gone.  I can’t peak for all Foreign Service members, but I LIVE for this feeling!  I feel so alive, and full of wonder, like a child on his first day to a zoo or amusement park.

My walk home

The walk home was an easy 20 minutes.  It took me past the Botanical gardens, and along a straight road to my apartment.  One nice thing here is that you don’t see any trash on the streets and sidewalks, not a cigarette butt, bottle cap, or anything except a few leaves.  The air is clean, and the amount of green has certainly surprised me!  I will admit though, the humidity here is nasty!  I walked just 20 minutes and was covered in sweat.  I hope I can acclimatize to this!

The next morning (Saturday), one of the first things I did was dig out my bathing suit from my suitcase and jump in the pool.  The outside temperature was about 88F an so this felt so good!  In the afternoon I’ll head downtown to learn how to use the bus and metro system and start to explore my new city.

The pool

Typhoon Melor

I landed in Tokyo for a one-night rest-stop before continuing on to Singapore. My arrival here is my first time in Japan, and I must admit I am very impressed with the efficiency of the airport, public transportation and hotels. As I walked towards the airport’s bus/taxi stand some of the dozens of airport staff noticed a very slight hesitation in my step. Someone came up, asked me where I was going, and pointed me to the bus ticket counter. As soon as I got my ticket, another airport staff member explained the system to me, and led me to the correct bus stop. When the busses arrive, they are greeted again by airport staff who help passengers off, and other staff who load the bus’s cargo bay and assist passengers on. With a polite bow to the bus driver and passengers, the staff wish us all a safe journey and then proceed to help the next group. This same level of attention was seen at each bus stop, and each hotel entrance.

I arrived the evening before Typhoon Melor came to shore, which by morning had wind gusts to about 50 mph. I saw many Japanese employees, shoulders shrugged against the wind walking to work, struggling with bent umbrellas and wind blown hair.  Needless to stay, the rain and wind kept me at the hotel much of the day.  I headed back to the airport in the afternoon to board my flight to Singapore.

PS:  The hotel was my very first experience with a Japanese bidet-style toilet.  More homes in Japan have one of these toilets than personal computers.  They wash your undersides with warm water, and the user can control the temperature and water pressure.  Other features can include water oscillation, noise-blocking background sound, foul odor remover, heated air dryer, MP3 player, internet ports, and more.  When I first walked into the bathroom I just stared at the toilet, not sure if I needed money.  I immediately thought of Captain Kirk, and then sat down to explore my new world (insert your favorite Uranus joke here).

Bidet-style toilet

Ok, I just about completed a wonderful 10 days with my daughter who is a student at the University of New Mexico.   Tomorrow I head to Tokyo for a night before continuing on to Singapore.

New Mexico is a fantastic “enchanted” state, not only for the wonderful weather and landscape, but also for the food which is a wonderful mix of Mexican and Native American.  When I am back overseas I am so happy for mail-order so I can cook up these authentic dishes no matter where I am living.  I’ll include a few links to my favorite online food mail-order sites later this week.

My visit to NM coincided with the annual Albuquerque Balloon Fiesta, one of the largest balloon events in the world.  Every morning, during “Mass Ascension”, hundreds of balloons all take off together and drift slowly over the NM high-desert.  In the evening, they secure the balloons to the ground, fill them with warm air, and then all at once they turn on the gas burners which lights the balloons up like giant Christmas ornaments!  This “Balloon Glow” is a spectacular event, and seeing hundreds of balloons all flickering brightly is a sight to behold!

Further north is one of my favorite regions in NM, the Valles Caldera National Preserve.  This collapsed volcanic caldera is located in the Jemez Mountains and protects 89,000 acres of wilderness and wetlands.  It hosts hundreds of elk and other animals, and the Park Service severely restricts human encroachment.  In addition to the Preserve, the area has the Jemez hot springs and Bandelier National Monument –  ancient Native American Anasazi ruins.  Techies can visit the Los Alamos National Laboratories, where the first nuclear bomb was built.

While I am away on assignment, far from America, its places like these that remind me what home is.

* Home Leave:  Home Leave (paid vacation time) is special leave time accrued while we are overseas.  We generally earn 15 workdays a year, so after a two-year tour of duty overseas we would have earned 30 days of Home-Leave.  Home-Leave is not Annual Leave, which is accrued at a different rate depending on rank.  While Annual Leave can be used anywhere in the world, Home-leave must only be used in the 50 United States (or its territories, if that is your home).  Also, Home-Leave is usually granted only after a tour overseas, but can be deferred to a later date with a waiver.  30 work-days mean that you do not use it on weekends and holidays.  As an example, if I had just completed an overseas two-year assignment and started leave on February 1st, 2010, I would be able to take off all of February and not have to end the vacation until the 16th of March!  30 days goes a long ways, and many members take a full 45 workdays after a 3 year assignment.  The State Department also pays for travel for you and your dependent family members to your designated Home-Leave address, and then on to your next assignment.  This is something to think about if you do not have a home, as you MUST take Home-Leave, and the State Department does not pay for lodging or meals – all of that comes out of your own pay check.  At least you do get paid while on these extended vacations!

I went up to Vermont and New Hampshire and spent a week visiting my mother, brothers and sister.   While the foliage was just changing colors, I arrived just a few weeks before peak color, something I miss a lot from my childhood as I have only been home once since 1980 during peak color change.  New England is spectacular in the fall – and is my favorite time to be there.  If you think the following photos show a lot of color, this is nothing compared to what New Hampshire and Vermont is like at peak foliage!

New Hampshire on Fire!

This is the old mill dam is located in my home town of Claremont, NH, and is a place I used to play around as a child.  Why I never drowned I’ll never know!  I would be terrified if my 10 year old child was using this area as play ground, but I guess things were different back in the early ’70s.  Most likely my mother just never knew!  Anyways, this was an old woolen mill and was built in the 1850s.  By the early 1900’s it was producing the finest cotton “Monadnock” style linen in the world; the White House was a customer as well as the Waldorf (Astoria) hotel in NYC, while in 1918 the mill produced army bandages and blankets for our troops during WWI. When I was a child it was a cotton label factory and was an exciting and adventurous place to play for a kid, so I stopped by just to relive some distant memories.  It is now a classy (for Claremont) restaurant and hotel.

New England Mills

While home, I was able to relax and get back into the normal routines again and go out in public without being nervous.  In Pakistan every time I drove past a parked vehicle I would turn my face away to avoid getting glass shards in my eyes from the impending explosion.  I watched every person on bridges to see if they were carrying an RPG.  It’s nice to be back home!

After 2 weeks in Vermont, I fly out to Albuquerque, New Mexico.

* Home Leave: Home Leave (paid vacation time) is special leave-time accrued while we are overseas.  We generally earn 15 workdays a year, so after a two-year tour of duty overseas we would have earned 30 days of Home-Leave.  Home-Leave is not Annual Leave, which is accrued at a different rate depending on rank.  While Annual Leave can be used anywhere in the world, Home-leave must only be used in the 50 United States (or its territories, if that is your home).  Also, Home-Leave is usually granted only after a tour overseas, but can be deferred to a later date with a waiver.  30 work-days mean that you do not use it on weekends and holidays.  As an example, if I had just completed an overseas two-year assignment and started leave on February 1st, 2010, I would be able to take off all of February and not have to end the vacation until the 16th of March!  30 days goes a long ways, and many members take a full 45 workdays after a 3 year assignment.  The State Department also pays for travel for you and your dependent family members to your designated Home-Leave address, and then on to your next assignment.  This is something to think about if you do not have a home, as you MUST take Home-Leave, and the State Department does not pay for lodging or meals – all of that comes out of your own pay check.  At least you do get paid while on these extended vacations!

Tonight I just got back from watching one of the funniest movies I have seen in years! It’s a smart comedy from Britain and has the highest critic and viewer ratings of any movie playing this week – but sadly is only in a few theaters as the subject may be too political for our corporate cinemas. It’s called “In the Loop” and while the language is certainly rough, if you enjoy Foreign Affairs and British Humor then you should find this movie a riot. Those who work for the State Dept. will especially love it, as half the movie takes place at Main State in D.C..

Tomorrow I have to check-in with the State Department, update my contact details, and then visit my Career Development Officer. It’s so wonderful to get out and move about and eat at restaurants without the constant worry that someone may blow me up!

By the way – as I headed into the city, I realized that it’s impossible to think of “Paddington Station” without thinking of a bear in a large hat.  It just can’t be done.

Anyway, I took the train from Heathrow airport to my hotel, showered, and went to the West End where there are a lot of street artists and great food.   The city is filled with so much to see and do!   Later I walked down this one street that was lined on both sides by French sidewalk cafes and restaurants. I sat down and ordered a nice baked halibut on top of seasonal ratatouille. Man was that good!   The weather here is fantastic.

Later in the evening I saw the play “Oliver Twist”, which was surprising quite good.

The next day I spent several hours at Westminster Abbey to pay my respects to the tombs of Henry V, Elizabeth I, Charles Darwin, Isaac Newton, Charles Dickens, and many others in the most incredible building in England, which is impossible to describe. To call Westminster Abbey a “beautiful church” is like calling the Grand Canyon a nice valley. No words do it justice. It must be seen to be appreciated.  later I headed over to the Imperial British War Museum, which was a lot of fun for an old WWII buff like me.

Westminster Abbey